A Simulation of Embodied CO2 Emission of Ground Improvement Technique Using Life-Cycle Assessment in Runway Construction

The ground improvement technique has become the most popular method in geotechnical engineering design. To incorporate sustainable development goals into the design, the construction method through quantitative assessment of environmental impacts is needed to meet project performance. A life cycle assessment model provides geotechnical engineering for calculating carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in ground improvement techniques. However, simplified methods for assessing impact to the environment have remained a largely unfulfilled need for targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper presents the boundary conditions and methodology for ground improvement techniques to evaluate the combined technology benefit to application prefabricated vertical drain combined stone columns in Runway construction. The results show that the design of prefabricated vertical drain combined stone column has the higher saving CO₂ emissions up to 99.5 % compared with the prefabricated vertical drain combined bored case in situ pile, this study is showing a percentage of 7.8 % up to 99 % saving CO₂ emissions with the other ground improvement techniques. The performance criteria are met for quantitative information about environmental impacts, such as saving embodied CO₂ emissions, and it is useful for making geotechnical decisions for sustainable development.