TY - JOUR
T1 - Active Expression of Genes for Protein Modification Enzymes in Habu Venom Glands
AU - Isomoto, Akiko
AU - Shoguchi, Eiichi
AU - Hisata, Kanako
AU - Inoue, Jun
AU - Sun, Yinrui
AU - Inaba, Kenji
AU - Satoh, Noriyuki
AU - Ogawa, Tomohisa
AU - Shibata, Hiroki
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This research was supported by OIST Internal Fund to Marine Genomics Unit (N.S.) and by Grants-in-Aid of MEXT, Japan (#25440214 and #18H02498 to H.S., #24651130 and #23107505 to T.O.).
Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: We thank members of the Marine Genomics Unit and DNA sequencing sections of OIST. We also thank Steven D. Aird for technical editing of the manuscript. Supercomputing resources were provided by the Human Genome Center, the University of Tokyo (http://sc.hgc.jp/shirokane.html (accessed in July 2018–March 2019)), and the National Institute of Genetics (https://sc2.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/index.php/en/ (accessed in July 2018–March 2019)). This work was partly performed in the Cooperative Research Project Program of the Medical Institute of Bio-regulation, Kyushu University.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2022/5
Y1 - 2022/5
N2 - Genes encoding snake venom toxins have been studied extensively. However, genes involved in the modification and functioning of venom proteins are little known. Protobothrops is a genus of pit vipers, which are venomous and inhabit the Nansei (Southwest) islands of Japan, Tai-wan China, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, and India. Our previous study decoded the genome of Protobothrops flavoviridis, a species endemic to the Nansei Islands, Japan, and revealed unique evolutionary processes of some venom genes. In this study, we analyzed genes that are highly expressed in venom glands to survey genes for candidate enzymes or chaperone proteins involved in toxin folding and modification. We found that, in addition to genes that encode venom proteins and ribosomal proteins, genes that encode protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members (orthologs of human P4HB and PDIA3), Selenoprotein M (SELENOM), and Calreticulin (CALR) are highly expressed in venom glands. Since these enzymes or chaperones are involved in protein modification and potentially possess protein folding functions, we propose that P4HB, SELENOM, CALR, and PDIA3 encode candidate enzymes or chaperones to confer toxic functions upon the venom transcriptome.
AB - Genes encoding snake venom toxins have been studied extensively. However, genes involved in the modification and functioning of venom proteins are little known. Protobothrops is a genus of pit vipers, which are venomous and inhabit the Nansei (Southwest) islands of Japan, Tai-wan China, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan, and India. Our previous study decoded the genome of Protobothrops flavoviridis, a species endemic to the Nansei Islands, Japan, and revealed unique evolutionary processes of some venom genes. In this study, we analyzed genes that are highly expressed in venom glands to survey genes for candidate enzymes or chaperone proteins involved in toxin folding and modification. We found that, in addition to genes that encode venom proteins and ribosomal proteins, genes that encode protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family members (orthologs of human P4HB and PDIA3), Selenoprotein M (SELENOM), and Calreticulin (CALR) are highly expressed in venom glands. Since these enzymes or chaperones are involved in protein modification and potentially possess protein folding functions, we propose that P4HB, SELENOM, CALR, and PDIA3 encode candidate enzymes or chaperones to confer toxic functions upon the venom transcriptome.
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U2 - 10.3390/toxins14050300
DO - 10.3390/toxins14050300
M3 - Article
C2 - 35622547
AN - SCOPUS:85129156150
VL - 14
JO - Toxins
JF - Toxins
SN - 2072-6651
IS - 5
M1 - 300
ER -