TY - JOUR
T1 - An assessment of postcranial indices, ratios, and body mass versus eco-geographical variables of prehistoric Jomon, Yayoi agriculturalists, and Kumejima Islanders of Japan
AU - Seguchi, Noriko
AU - Quintyn, Conrad B.
AU - Yonemoto, Shiori
AU - Takamuku, Hirofumi
N1 - Funding Information:
We would like to thank several museum curators around the world without whose assistance this research would have been impossible to complete. We would like to thank Dr. Gen Suwa and Dr. Osamu Kondo at the University of Tokyo, Dr. Kazumichi Katayama and Dr. Masato Nakatsukasa at Kyoto University for access to and assistance with the Jomon skeletal remains included in this study. We would like to thank and Dr. Takahiro Nakahashi, the Late Dr. Yoshiyuki Tanaka, Dr. Shozo Iwanaga, and Dr. Kyoko Funahashi at Kyushu University for access to and assistance with the Yayoi skeletal remains included in this study. Special thanks go to Dr. Hajime Ishida at the medical school of the University of the Ryukyus who allowed the authors primary access to data for the Kumejima people. We are also very grateful to Dr. Ben Auerbach at the University of Tennessee for internet access to the Goldman Dataset for use as a comparative sample in this manuscript. For use of other comparative samples we would like to thank Dr. Robert Kruszynski at the Natural History Museum in London for access to the Roman British, Andaman Island, and Santa Cruz Island skeletal samples; Dr. Michele Morgan at the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology for access to the Yugoslavian and Egyptian skeletal samples; Dr. George Crothers at the William S. Webb Museum of Anthropology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, for access to the Indian Knoll skeletal sample; Dr. Philippe Mennecier at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département Hommes – Natures, Musée de l'Homme, Paris, for access to the Philippines Negritos and South African skeletal samples; and Dr. Todd Ahlman and Dr. Ashley McKewon at Texas State University, San Marcos, for obtaining the climatic data. We thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers' comments, which greatly improved the final version of this manuscript. We also would like to thank Mary-Margaret Murphy, Social Science Research Lab at the University of Montana, Missoula for help with the figures. Finally, we would like to thank the Bloomsburg University, College of Liberal Arts, Research and Disciplinary Grants for providing funding (CQ); the University of Montana, Missoula, Burton D. Williams Endowment Award, Department of Anthropology, the University of Montana, Missoula (NS); the Yamaguchi Fund (NS); the Mansfield Center and International Institute Research Fund from the University of Montana, Missoula (NS); the Travel and Research Fund from Anthropological Society of Nippon (NS); and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (SY and HT) to complete this research. The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PY - 2017/9/1
Y1 - 2017/9/1
N2 - Objectives: We explore variations in body and limb proportions of the Jomon hunter-gatherers (14,000–2500 BP), the Yayoi agriculturalists (2500–1700 BP) of Japan, and the Kumejima Islanders of the Ryukyus (1600–1800 AD) with 11 geographically diverse skeletal postcranial samples from Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America using brachial-crural indices, femur head-breadth-to-femur length ratio, femur head-breadth-to-lower-limb-length ratio, and body mass as indicators of phenotypic climatic adaptation. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that variation in limb proportions seen in Jomon, Yayoi, and Kumejima is a complex interaction of genetic adaptation; development and allometric constraints; selection, gene flow and genetic drift with changing cultural factors (i.e., nutrition) and climate. METHODS: The skeletal data (1127 individuals) were subjected to principle components analysis, Manly's permutation multiple regression tests, and Relethford-Blangero analysis. RESULTS: The results of Manly's tests indicate that body proportions and body mass are significantly correlated with latitude, and minimum and maximum temperatures while limb proportions were not significantly correlated with these climatic variables. Principal components plots separated “climatic zones:” tropical, temperate, and arctic populations. The indigenous Jomon showed cold-adapted body proportions and warm-adapted limb proportions. Kumejima showed cold-adapted body proportions and limbs. The Yayoi adhered to the Allen-Bergmann expectation of cold-adapted body and limb proportions. Relethford-Blangero analysis showed that Kumejima experienced gene flow indicated by high observed variances while Jomon experienced genetic drift indicated by low observed variances. CONCLUSIONS: The complex interaction of evolutionary forces and development/nutritional constraints are implicated in the mismatch of limb and body proportions.
AB - Objectives: We explore variations in body and limb proportions of the Jomon hunter-gatherers (14,000–2500 BP), the Yayoi agriculturalists (2500–1700 BP) of Japan, and the Kumejima Islanders of the Ryukyus (1600–1800 AD) with 11 geographically diverse skeletal postcranial samples from Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America using brachial-crural indices, femur head-breadth-to-femur length ratio, femur head-breadth-to-lower-limb-length ratio, and body mass as indicators of phenotypic climatic adaptation. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that variation in limb proportions seen in Jomon, Yayoi, and Kumejima is a complex interaction of genetic adaptation; development and allometric constraints; selection, gene flow and genetic drift with changing cultural factors (i.e., nutrition) and climate. METHODS: The skeletal data (1127 individuals) were subjected to principle components analysis, Manly's permutation multiple regression tests, and Relethford-Blangero analysis. RESULTS: The results of Manly's tests indicate that body proportions and body mass are significantly correlated with latitude, and minimum and maximum temperatures while limb proportions were not significantly correlated with these climatic variables. Principal components plots separated “climatic zones:” tropical, temperate, and arctic populations. The indigenous Jomon showed cold-adapted body proportions and warm-adapted limb proportions. Kumejima showed cold-adapted body proportions and limbs. The Yayoi adhered to the Allen-Bergmann expectation of cold-adapted body and limb proportions. Relethford-Blangero analysis showed that Kumejima experienced gene flow indicated by high observed variances while Jomon experienced genetic drift indicated by low observed variances. CONCLUSIONS: The complex interaction of evolutionary forces and development/nutritional constraints are implicated in the mismatch of limb and body proportions.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85019094181&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85019094181&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/ajhb.23015
DO - 10.1002/ajhb.23015
M3 - Article
C2 - 28488767
AN - SCOPUS:85019094181
SN - 1042-0533
VL - 29
JO - American Journal of Human Biology
JF - American Journal of Human Biology
IS - 5
M1 - e23015
ER -
