Deeply divergent freshwater fish species within a single river system in central Sulawesi

Sulawesi is a biodiversity hotspot for ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae), with many species endemic to the central part of this island in single ancient lakes or lake systems. Frequent vicariance by lake fragmentation since the Pliocene may be largely responsible for diversification in this family. In this study, we demonstrate that not only lacustrine species but also riverine species in this area are also deeply divergent even within a single river system. A mitochondrial phylogeny revealed that a ricefish population newly discovered from Cerekang River is sister to Oryzias dopingdopingensis Mandagi, Mokodongan, Tanaka, & Yamahira, another riverine species endemic to Doping-doping River. However, the Cerekang Oryzias was genetically isolated from O. dopingdopingensis, despite that Cerekang River and Doping-doping River share a connection across estuarine waters. This separation was supported by phylogenomic trees and population genetic structure analyses based on genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms. Coalescent-based demographic inference demonstrated that the ancestral population of these two riverine ricefishes had experienced a substantial population decrease and subsequently diverged into two sub-populations. Because the Cerekang Oryzias was also morphologically distinguished from O. dopingdopingensis, we described it as a new species, O. landangiensis. We infer that O. landangiensis and O. dopingdopingensis are of lake-origin and are relic species which were left in these rivers after the lake disappeared, and that they have lost their dispersal ability when inhabiting the ancient lake. The lost dispersal ability possibly contributed to the formation of the biodiversity hotspot for this fish group on this island.