Efficacy of pegylated interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin treatment on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A prospective, multicenter study

Background & Aims: The effects of pegylated interferon (PegIFN) α and ribavirin (RBV) treatment of chronic hepatitis C on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been well established. This study investigated the impact of treatment outcome on the development of HCC by chronic hepatitis C patients treated with PegIFNα2b and RBV. Methods: This large-scale, prospective, multicenter study consisted of 1013 Japanese chronic hepatitis C patients with no history of HCC (non-cirrhosis, n = 863 and cirrhosis, n = 150). All patients were treated with PegIFNα2b and RBV and the follow-up period started at the end of the antiviral treatment (median observation period of 3.6 years). The cumulative incidence rate of HCC was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, according to treatment outcome. Results: Forty-seven patients (4.6%) developed HCC during the observation period. In the non-cirrhosis group, the 5-year cumulative incidence rates of HCC for the sustained virological response (SVR) (1.7%) and transient virological response (3.2%) (TVR: defined as relapse or breakthrough) groups were significantly lower than those of the non-virological response (NVR) group (7.6%) (p = 0.003 and p = 0.03, respectively). A significantly low rate of incidence of HCC by TVR patients in comparison with NVR patients was found for patients aged 60 years and over, but not for those under 60 years of age. In the cirrhosis group, the 5-year cumulative incidence rates of HCC for the SVR (18.9%) and TVR groups (20.8%) were also significantly lower than those of the NVR group (39.4%) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Conclusions: SVR and complete viral suppression during treatment with relapse (TVR) were associated with a lower risk of HCC development when compared with NVR.