Low temperature defect chemistry of oxides

Defect chemistry at lower temperatures, e.g. room temperature, is systematically described, at which the oxygen exchange reaction is no longer reversible. Analytical relations, numerical results, case studies as well as technological and scientific relevance are highlighted. It is pointed out that the low temperature defect chemistry also offers a quantitative basis to manipulate charge carrier and defect concentrations and related physical properties of oxide electroceramics.