TY - JOUR
T1 - Metabolome Analysis Identified Okaramines in the Soybean Rhizosphere as a Legacy of Hairy Vetch
AU - Sakurai, Nozomu
AU - Mardani-Korrani, Hossein
AU - Nakayasu, Masaru
AU - Matsuda, Kazuhiko
AU - Ochiai, Kumiko
AU - Kobayashi, Masaru
AU - Tahara, Yusuke
AU - Onodera, Takeshi
AU - Aoki, Yuichi
AU - Motobayashi, Takashi
AU - Komatsuzaki, Masakazu
AU - Ihara, Makoto
AU - Shibata, Daisuke
AU - Fujii, Yoshiharu
AU - Sugiyama, Akifumi
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Ms. Keiko Kanai, Kyoto University, for technical assistance. We Thank Dr. Hisabumi Takase, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, for providing soil samples. We thank Dr. Hideo Hayashi, Osaka Prefecture University, for providing authentic standards of okaramines A and C. We also thank DASH/FBAS, the Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, for supporting the LC-IT-TOF-MS analyses.
Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2020 Sakurai, Mardani-Korrani, Nakayasu, Matsuda, Ochiai, Kobayashi, Tahara, Onodera, Aoki, Motobayashi, Komatsuzaki, Ihara, Shibata, Fujii and Sugiyama.
PY - 2020/2/24
Y1 - 2020/2/24
N2 - Inter-organismal communications below ground, such as plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, affect plant growth. Metabolites are shown to play important roles in biological communication, but there still remain a large number of metabolites in soil to be uncovered. Metabolomics, a technique for the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in samples, may uncover the molecules that intermediate these interactions. We conducted a multivariate analysis using liquid chromatography (LC)—mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics in several soil samples and also targeted metabolome analysis for the identification of the candidate compounds in soil. We identified okaramine A, B, and C in the rhizosphere soil of hairy vetch. Okaramines are indole alkaloids first identified in soybean pulp (okara) inoculated with Penicillium simplicissimum AK-40 and are insecticidal. Okaramine B was detected in the rhizosphere from an open field growing hairy vetch. Okaramine B was also detected in both bulk and rhizosphere soils of soybean grown following hairy vetch, but not detected in soils of soybean without hairy vetch growth. These results suggested that okaramines might be involved in indirect defense of plants against insects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of okaramines in the natural environment. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics would be useful to uncover the chemistry of the rhizosphere.
AB - Inter-organismal communications below ground, such as plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, affect plant growth. Metabolites are shown to play important roles in biological communication, but there still remain a large number of metabolites in soil to be uncovered. Metabolomics, a technique for the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in samples, may uncover the molecules that intermediate these interactions. We conducted a multivariate analysis using liquid chromatography (LC)—mass spectrometry (MS)-based untargeted metabolomics in several soil samples and also targeted metabolome analysis for the identification of the candidate compounds in soil. We identified okaramine A, B, and C in the rhizosphere soil of hairy vetch. Okaramines are indole alkaloids first identified in soybean pulp (okara) inoculated with Penicillium simplicissimum AK-40 and are insecticidal. Okaramine B was detected in the rhizosphere from an open field growing hairy vetch. Okaramine B was also detected in both bulk and rhizosphere soils of soybean grown following hairy vetch, but not detected in soils of soybean without hairy vetch growth. These results suggested that okaramines might be involved in indirect defense of plants against insects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of okaramines in the natural environment. Untargeted and targeted metabolomics would be useful to uncover the chemistry of the rhizosphere.
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U2 - 10.3389/fgene.2020.00114
DO - 10.3389/fgene.2020.00114
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85081272498
VL - 11
JO - Frontiers in Genetics
JF - Frontiers in Genetics
SN - 1664-8021
M1 - 114
ER -