TY - JOUR
T1 - Nature of ore fluid at the sopokomil Zn-Pb deposit, North Sumatra, Indonesia
T2 - Implications for metal transport and sulfide deposition
AU - Rivai, Tomy Alvin
AU - Syafrizal,
AU - Yonezu, Kotaro
AU - Sanematsu, Kenzo
AU - Watanabe, Koichiro
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: This work was partially supported by funding from Advanced Graduate Program in Global Strategy for Green Asia (Kyushu University, Japan), the Society of Resource Geology (Japan), JSPS KAKENHI Grand-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B) Grant Number JP18H01927 (Japan), and JSPS Core-to-Core Program Grant Number JPJSCCB20200004.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2021/7
Y1 - 2021/7
N2 - Little is known about the nature of ore fluid at the Sopokomil shale-hosted massive sulfide Zn-Pb deposit (North Sumatra, Indonesia). We therefore investigated its ore-fluid salinities, temperatures, densities, redox state, and pH using fluid inclusion microthermometry, sphalerite composition, and thermodynamic modelling. The fluid salinities and temperatures were ≈6 wt.% NaCl equiv and ≈165 °C, respectively, corresponding to an ore fluid less dense than seawater (≈0.96 g/mL). Sphalerite contains ≈9.9 mole% FeS in the stratiform ore and ≈3.4 mole% FeS in the feeder ore, suggesting a reduced fluid, which must have been acidic to be fertile. Such redox state and acidity invoke fluid dilution as the sulfide depositional mechanism. The bulk of the sulfides were precipitated in the early stage of mixing, within T = 165–155 °C. Key ingredients of sphalerite and galena at Sopokomil include (1) Zn that was primarily transported as ZnCl+, (2) Pb that predominantly occurred as PbCl2(aq), and (3) S that was largely supplied by marine sediment porewater. This study highlights the significance of a dramatic shift in thermal and chemical equilibrium induced by fluid dilution in the making of the first significant shale-hosted massive sulfide Zn-Pb deposit in Indonesia.
AB - Little is known about the nature of ore fluid at the Sopokomil shale-hosted massive sulfide Zn-Pb deposit (North Sumatra, Indonesia). We therefore investigated its ore-fluid salinities, temperatures, densities, redox state, and pH using fluid inclusion microthermometry, sphalerite composition, and thermodynamic modelling. The fluid salinities and temperatures were ≈6 wt.% NaCl equiv and ≈165 °C, respectively, corresponding to an ore fluid less dense than seawater (≈0.96 g/mL). Sphalerite contains ≈9.9 mole% FeS in the stratiform ore and ≈3.4 mole% FeS in the feeder ore, suggesting a reduced fluid, which must have been acidic to be fertile. Such redox state and acidity invoke fluid dilution as the sulfide depositional mechanism. The bulk of the sulfides were precipitated in the early stage of mixing, within T = 165–155 °C. Key ingredients of sphalerite and galena at Sopokomil include (1) Zn that was primarily transported as ZnCl+, (2) Pb that predominantly occurred as PbCl2(aq), and (3) S that was largely supplied by marine sediment porewater. This study highlights the significance of a dramatic shift in thermal and chemical equilibrium induced by fluid dilution in the making of the first significant shale-hosted massive sulfide Zn-Pb deposit in Indonesia.
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U2 - 10.3390/geosciences11070298
DO - 10.3390/geosciences11070298
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85111464838
VL - 11
JO - Geosciences (Switzerland)
JF - Geosciences (Switzerland)
SN - 2076-3263
IS - 7
M1 - 298
ER -
