@article{5928c7d646a34102b04d8a79de37acc4,
title = "Ni{\~n}o–Southern Oscillation effect on ionospheric tidal/SPW amplitude in 2007–2015 FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC observations",
abstract = "This study examines the influence of the El Ni{\~n}o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) diurnal eastward 3 (DE3) and stationary planetary wave 4 (SPW4) which are the major components of the ionospheric wave-4 longitudinal structure. The TEC is the integration of electron density from 200 to 800 km sounded by the GPS radio occultation experiment onboard the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites during the period of January 2007–December 2015. The results show that the TEC DE3 and SPW4 amplitudes respond to the ENSO signature in the thermospheric wind DE3 in the Northern Hemisphere during the lower-solar-activity period. The contribution of the ENSO cold phase in 2010 and 2011 to the quasi-biennial oscillation in the TEC DE3 and SPW4 amplitudes is not negligible.[Figure not available: see fulltext.].",
author = "Sun, {Yang Yi} and Huixin Liu and Yasunobu Miyoshi and Chang, {Loren C.} and Libo Liu",
note = "Funding Information: YYS, HL, YM, LCC, and LBL designed and performed experiments. YYS analyzed data and drafted the manuscript. LCC developed the tidal fitting tool. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Not applicable. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC ionospheric electron density observation is downloaded from ftp://cdaac-ftp.cosmic.ucar.edu/. The TIMED/TIDI zonal wind observation is downloaded from http://download.hao.ucar.edu/archive/tidi/data/vec0307a/. Not applicable. Not applicable. Y Y. S. was support by the NICT International Exchange Program. H. L. was support by JSPS KAKENHI grants 18H01270, 18H04446, and 17KK0095. Y. M. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant (B)15H03733. L. C. C. was supported by grants MOST 103-2111-M-008-019-MY3, 106-2111-M-008-010, and 107-2111-M-008-002-MY3 from the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology. L. B. L. was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41621063). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Funding Information: Y Y. S. was support by the NICT International Exchange Program. H. L. was support by JSPS KAKENHI grants 18H01270, 18H04446, and 17KK0095. Y. M. was supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant (B)15H03733. L. C. C. was supported by grants MOST 103‑2111‑M‑008‑019‑MY3, 106‑2111‑M‑008‑010, and 107‑2111‑M‑008‑002‑MY3 from the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technol‑ ogy. L. B. L. was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (41621063).",
year = "2019",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1186/s40623-019-1009-7",
language = "English",
volume = "71",
journal = "Earth, Planets and Space",
issn = "1343-8832",
publisher = "Terra Scientific Publishing Company",
number = "1",
}