TY - JOUR
T1 - On the Origin of High Ionophoricity of 1, 3-Alternate Calix[4]arenes
T2 - π-donor Participation in Complexation of Cations and Evidence for Metal-Tunneling through the Calix[4]arene Cavity
AU - Ikeda, Atsushi
AU - Shinkai, Seiji
PY - 1994/4/1
Y1 - 1994/4/1
N2 - Nine conformationally-immobilized calix [4] arenes (including two doubly-bridged 1, 3-alternate calix[4] arenes) and several reference calix [4] arenes with other conformations were synthesized. Two-phase solvent-extraction of and determination of association constants by 1H NMR spectroscopy for alkali metal cations established that, surprisingly, 1, 3-alternate and partial-cone conformers show an ion affinity higher than the corresponding cone conformers. Detailed examination with 1H NMR spectroscopy presented unambiguous evidence that in the 1, 3-alternate conformers the metal cation is bound asymmetrically to one of two metal-binding sites composed of two phenolic oxygens and two benzene rings, whereas in the partial-cone conformers the metal cation is bound to the upper rim composed of a phenolic oxygen in the inverted phenyl unit and two benzene rings in the proximal phenyl units. These metal-binding modes were rationalized in terms of the “cation-ir interaction”. The contribution of the cation-π interaction was further confirmed by the finding that these conformers all show high Ag+ affinity without exception. The X-ray crystallographic study of the partial-cone-2-Ag+ complex established that Ag+ is bound to a phenolic oxygen in the inverted phenyl unit and two benzene rings in the proximal phenyl units. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy at the low-temperature region showed that Ag+ alternates intramolecularly between the two binding sites through a π-basic hole of 1, 3-alternate calix[4]arenes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example for Ag+-tunneling across an aromatic cavity and has important implications with regard to the metal cation-π interaction expected for metal transport through ion channels, metal inclusion in fullerenes, intercalation of metal cations into graphites, etc.
AB - Nine conformationally-immobilized calix [4] arenes (including two doubly-bridged 1, 3-alternate calix[4] arenes) and several reference calix [4] arenes with other conformations were synthesized. Two-phase solvent-extraction of and determination of association constants by 1H NMR spectroscopy for alkali metal cations established that, surprisingly, 1, 3-alternate and partial-cone conformers show an ion affinity higher than the corresponding cone conformers. Detailed examination with 1H NMR spectroscopy presented unambiguous evidence that in the 1, 3-alternate conformers the metal cation is bound asymmetrically to one of two metal-binding sites composed of two phenolic oxygens and two benzene rings, whereas in the partial-cone conformers the metal cation is bound to the upper rim composed of a phenolic oxygen in the inverted phenyl unit and two benzene rings in the proximal phenyl units. These metal-binding modes were rationalized in terms of the “cation-ir interaction”. The contribution of the cation-π interaction was further confirmed by the finding that these conformers all show high Ag+ affinity without exception. The X-ray crystallographic study of the partial-cone-2-Ag+ complex established that Ag+ is bound to a phenolic oxygen in the inverted phenyl unit and two benzene rings in the proximal phenyl units. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy at the low-temperature region showed that Ag+ alternates intramolecularly between the two binding sites through a π-basic hole of 1, 3-alternate calix[4]arenes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example for Ag+-tunneling across an aromatic cavity and has important implications with regard to the metal cation-π interaction expected for metal transport through ion channels, metal inclusion in fullerenes, intercalation of metal cations into graphites, etc.
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U2 - 10.1021/ja00086a045
DO - 10.1021/ja00086a045
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0345598322
VL - 116
SP - 3102
EP - 3110
JO - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society
SN - 0002-7863
IS - 7
ER -