TY - JOUR
T1 - Synthesis, redox potential evaluation and electrochemical characteristics of NASICON-related-3D framework compounds
AU - Nanjundaswamy, K. S.
AU - Padhi, A. K.
AU - Goodenough, J. B.
AU - Okada, S.
AU - Ohtsuka, H.
AU - Arai, H.
AU - Yamaki, J.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank the Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston, Texas and Institute for Advanced Technology, University of Texas at Austin, Federated with the U.S. Army research Laboratory and NTT, Japan for financial support.
PY - 1996/11/1
Y1 - 1996/11/1
N2 - The framework compounds M2(SO4)3 with M = (Ti Fe), (V Fe), Fe and LixM2(PO4)3 with M = Ti, (V Fe), Fe, were synthesized and electrochemically characterized by the coin-cell method. Use of larger (XO4)n- polyanions not only allows fast Li+-ion conduction in an open three-dimensional framework that is selective for the working alkali ion on discharge; it also stabilizes operative redox potentials Fe3+/Fe2+, Ti4+/Ti3+ and V3+/V2+ that give open-circuit voltages Voc > 2.5 Vas well as access to V4+/V3+, Ti3+/Ti2+ and Fe2+/Fe+ couples. Separation of the V4+/V3+ and V3+/V2+ couples were found to be 2.0 V. Fe2(SO4)3 has both monoclinic and rhombohedral modifications that give a flat open-circuit voltage Voc = 3.6 V versus Li and a reversible capacity for ∼ 1.8 lithium atoms per formula unit. LixFe2(SO4)3 shows an abrupt voltage drop occurring for x > 2 that can be held in check by the addition of buffers such as Li3Fe2(PO4)3, FeV(SO4)3 and LiTi2(PO4)3. Changing the polyanion group from (SO4)2- to (PO4)3- in these framework compounds decreases the redox potentials from 3.2 to 2.5 V for the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple, 2.5 to 1.7 V for the V3+/V2+ couple and 3.6 to 2.8 V for the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple. Comparative advantages and disadvantages of framework cathodes for Li rechargeable battery applications are discussed.
AB - The framework compounds M2(SO4)3 with M = (Ti Fe), (V Fe), Fe and LixM2(PO4)3 with M = Ti, (V Fe), Fe, were synthesized and electrochemically characterized by the coin-cell method. Use of larger (XO4)n- polyanions not only allows fast Li+-ion conduction in an open three-dimensional framework that is selective for the working alkali ion on discharge; it also stabilizes operative redox potentials Fe3+/Fe2+, Ti4+/Ti3+ and V3+/V2+ that give open-circuit voltages Voc > 2.5 Vas well as access to V4+/V3+, Ti3+/Ti2+ and Fe2+/Fe+ couples. Separation of the V4+/V3+ and V3+/V2+ couples were found to be 2.0 V. Fe2(SO4)3 has both monoclinic and rhombohedral modifications that give a flat open-circuit voltage Voc = 3.6 V versus Li and a reversible capacity for ∼ 1.8 lithium atoms per formula unit. LixFe2(SO4)3 shows an abrupt voltage drop occurring for x > 2 that can be held in check by the addition of buffers such as Li3Fe2(PO4)3, FeV(SO4)3 and LiTi2(PO4)3. Changing the polyanion group from (SO4)2- to (PO4)3- in these framework compounds decreases the redox potentials from 3.2 to 2.5 V for the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple, 2.5 to 1.7 V for the V3+/V2+ couple and 3.6 to 2.8 V for the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple. Comparative advantages and disadvantages of framework cathodes for Li rechargeable battery applications are discussed.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=0030285942&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=0030285942&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/s0167-2738(96)00472-9
DO - 10.1016/s0167-2738(96)00472-9
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0030285942
VL - 92
SP - 1
EP - 10
JO - Solid State Ionics
JF - Solid State Ionics
SN - 0167-2738
IS - 1-2
ER -