TY - JOUR
T1 - The presence of endogenous l-carnitine in live foods used for larviculture
AU - Zhang, Dong Ming
AU - Yoshimatsu, Takao
AU - Furuse, Mitsuhiro
N1 - Funding Information:
Much appreciation is extended to Prof. Ida G. Pahila and Ms. Ira G. Pahila of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas for reviewing/editing the manuscript. We express our gratitude to Dr. Alok Kalla of Guru Jambheshwar University of India, and Drs. Masaharu Tokuda, Masanori Okauchi, Tomoko Sakami, and Hiromi Oku in National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Mie, Japan for their kind help. We specially thank anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This study was supported by the Japanese government (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and technology).
PY - 2006/5/31
Y1 - 2006/5/31
N2 - The endogenous presence of l-carnitine (free and esterified l-carnitine) in live foods used for larviculture was determined by a method of HPLC assay based on enzymatic reactions. Two strains of marine rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis and Brachionus plicatilis), freshwater Cladocera (Moina macrocopa), six populations of Artemia and two species of microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris) were cultured and tested. Results showed that B. rotundiformis and B. plicatilis have 161-504 μg g- 1 DW and 338-393 μg g- 1 DW total l-carnitine under varying culture conditions, respectively. The study further revealed that temperature shifts (24 h, 5-15 °C lower) did not affect l-carnitine content in the two strains, whereas, culture temperature and starvation remarkably influenced l-carnitine content in B. rotundiformis. These effects were accounted for by a significantly lower and a significantly higher l-carnitine content (P < 0.05) in the groups under low culture temperature (15 °C) without 24 h starvation and high culture temperature (30 °C) with 24 h starvation, respectively. In M. macrocopa, 386 μg g- 1 DW total l-carnitine was detected. The total l-carnitine levels, ranging from 220 to 493 μg g- 1 DW, had significant (P < 0.05) variability in newly hatched Artemia nauplii from samples of various populations. The total l-carnitine contents in microalgae N. oculata and C. vulgaris have no significant (P > 0.05) differences between condensed commercial products, but significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in laboratory cultured N. oculata, ranging from 91 to 314 μg g- 1 DW, associated with different light intensities and photoperiods. These results indicated that endogenous l-carnitine is quite variable in live foods depending on their physiological status, and is significantly influenced by environmental factors, such as culture temperature, starvation and light conditions.
AB - The endogenous presence of l-carnitine (free and esterified l-carnitine) in live foods used for larviculture was determined by a method of HPLC assay based on enzymatic reactions. Two strains of marine rotifers (Brachionus rotundiformis and Brachionus plicatilis), freshwater Cladocera (Moina macrocopa), six populations of Artemia and two species of microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata and Chlorella vulgaris) were cultured and tested. Results showed that B. rotundiformis and B. plicatilis have 161-504 μg g- 1 DW and 338-393 μg g- 1 DW total l-carnitine under varying culture conditions, respectively. The study further revealed that temperature shifts (24 h, 5-15 °C lower) did not affect l-carnitine content in the two strains, whereas, culture temperature and starvation remarkably influenced l-carnitine content in B. rotundiformis. These effects were accounted for by a significantly lower and a significantly higher l-carnitine content (P < 0.05) in the groups under low culture temperature (15 °C) without 24 h starvation and high culture temperature (30 °C) with 24 h starvation, respectively. In M. macrocopa, 386 μg g- 1 DW total l-carnitine was detected. The total l-carnitine levels, ranging from 220 to 493 μg g- 1 DW, had significant (P < 0.05) variability in newly hatched Artemia nauplii from samples of various populations. The total l-carnitine contents in microalgae N. oculata and C. vulgaris have no significant (P > 0.05) differences between condensed commercial products, but significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in laboratory cultured N. oculata, ranging from 91 to 314 μg g- 1 DW, associated with different light intensities and photoperiods. These results indicated that endogenous l-carnitine is quite variable in live foods depending on their physiological status, and is significantly influenced by environmental factors, such as culture temperature, starvation and light conditions.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=33646880471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=33646880471&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.001
DO - 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.01.001
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:33646880471
SN - 0044-8486
VL - 255
SP - 272
EP - 278
JO - Aquaculture
JF - Aquaculture
IS - 1-4
ER -
