@article{eb1873bc9c7741b09fafaabe3b11d529,
title = "Understanding Rapid Adjustments to Diverse Forcing Agents",
abstract = "Rapid adjustments are responses to forcing agents that cause a perturbation to the top of atmosphere energy budget but are uncoupled to changes in surface warming. Different mechanisms are responsible for these adjustments for a variety of climate drivers. These remain to be quantified in detail. It is shown that rapid adjustments reduce the effective radiative forcing (ERF) of black carbon by half of the instantaneous forcing, but for CO2 forcing, rapid adjustments increase ERF. Competing tropospheric adjustments for CO2 forcing are individually significant but sum to zero, such that the ERF equals the stratospherically adjusted radiative forcing, but this is not true for other forcing agents. Additional experiments of increase in the solar constant and increase in CH4 are used to show that a key factor of the rapid adjustment for an individual climate driver is changes in temperature in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere.",
author = "Smith, {C. J.} and Kramer, {R. J.} and G. Myhre and Forster, {P. M.} and Soden, {B. J.} and T. Andrews and O. Boucher and G. Faluvegi and D. Fl{\"a}schner and Hodnebrog and M. Kasoar and V. Kharin and A. Kirkev{\aa}g and Lamarque, {J. F.} and J. M{\"u}lmenst{\"a}dt and D. Olivi{\'e} and T. Richardson and Samset, {B. H.} and D. Shindell and P. Stier and T. Takemura and A. Voulgarakis and D. Watson-Parris",
note = "Funding Information: C. J. S. and P. F. acknowledge support from Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental and Biological Sciences under grant DE-SC0012549 and UK Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/N006038/1. R. J. K. was supported by NASA grant 17- EARTH17R-015. D. W. P. acknowledges funding from Natural Environment Research Council projects NE/L01355X/ 1 (CLARIFY) and NE/J022624/1 (GASSP). G. M., {\O}. H., and B. H. S. were funded by the Research Council of Norway, through the grant NAPEX (229778). D. O. and A. K. were supported by the Norwegian Research Council through the projects EVA (229771), EarthClim (207711/E10), NOTUR (nn2345k), and NorStore (ns2345k). O. B. acknowledges HPC resources from TGCC under the gencmip6 allocation provided by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif). P. S. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council project RECAP under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with grant agreement 724602 and support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. T. A. was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. M. K. and A. V. were supported by the Natural Environment Research Council under grant NE/K500872/1. T. T. was supported by the supercomputer system of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-12-3) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan; and JSPS KAKENHI grant JP15H01728. Simulations with HadGEM3-GA4 were performed using the MONSooN system, a collaborative facility supplied under the Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme, which is a strategic partnership between the Met Office and the Natural Environment Research Council. Climate modeling at GISS (D. S. and G. F.) is supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program and GISS simulations used resources provided by the NASA High-End Computing Program through the NASA Center for Climate Simulation at Goddard Space Flight Center. The ECHAM6-HAM2 simulations were per formed using the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service. The ECHAM- HAMMOZ model is developed by a consortium composed of ETH Zurich, Max Planck Institut f{\"u}r Meteorologie, Forschungszentrum J{\"u}lich, University of Oxford, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, and the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research and managed by Funding Information: C. J. S. and P. F. acknowledge support from Regional and Global Climate Modeling Program of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental and Biological Sciences under grant DE-SC0012549 and UK Natural Environment Research Council grant NE/N006038/1. R. J. K. was supported by NASA grant 17-EARTH17R-015. D. W. P. acknowledges funding from Natural Environment Research Council projects NE/L01355X/1 (CLARIFY) and NE/J022624/1 (GASSP). G. M., ?. H., and B. H. S. were funded by the Research Council of Norway, through the grant NAPEX (229778). D. O. and A. K. were supported by the Norwegian Research Council through the projects EVA (229771), EarthClim (207711/E10), NOTUR (nn2345k), and NorStore (ns2345k). O. B. acknowledges HPC resources from TGCC under the gencmip6 allocation provided by GENCI (Grand Equipement National de Calcul Intensif). P. S. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council project RECAP under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program with grant agreement 724602 and support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. T. A. was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by BEIS and Defra. M. K. and A. V. were supported by the Natural Environment Research Council under grant NE/K500872/1. T. T. was supported by the supercomputer system of the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan; the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-12-3) of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency of Japan; and JSPS KAKENHI grant JP15H01728. Simulations with HadGEM3-GA4 were performed using the MONSooN system, a collaborative facility supplied under the Joint Weather and Climate Research Programme, which is a strategic partnership between the Met Office and the Natural Environment Research Council. Climate modeling at GISS (D. S. and G. F.) is supported by the NASA Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program and GISS simulations used resources provided by the NASA High-End Computing Program through the NASA Center for Climate Simulation at Goddard Space Flight Center. The ECHAM6-HAM2 simulations were performed using the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service. The ECHAM-HAMMOZ model is developed by a consortium composed of ETH Zurich, Max Planck Institut f?r Meteorologie, Forschungszentrum J?lich, University of Oxford, the Finnish Meteorological Institute, and the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research and managed by the Center for Climate Systems Modeling (C2SM) at ETH Zurich. The HadGEM2 radiative kernels are available from https://doi.org/10.5518/406. For access to PDRMIP model data please see http://www.cicero.oslo.no/en/PDRMIP/PDRMIP-data-access. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2018. The Authors.",
year = "2018",
month = jan,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1029/2018GL079826",
language = "English",
volume = "45",
pages = "12,023--12,031",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "21",
}
