TY - JOUR
T1 - Alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
T2 - Epidemiology, clinical findings, and prevention
AU - Morita, Masaru
AU - Kumashiro, Ryuichi
AU - Kubo, Nobuhide
AU - Nakashima, Yuichiro
AU - Yoshida, Rintaro
AU - Yoshinaga, Keiji
AU - Saeki, Hiroshi
AU - Emi, Yasunori
AU - Kakeji, Yoshihiro
AU - Sakaguchi, Yoshihisa
AU - Toh, Yasushi
AU - Maehara, Yoshihiko
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Brian Quinn for his critical comments. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology of Japan.
PY - 2010/4
Y1 - 2010/4
N2 - Both cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are well-established risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and the relationship of dose to cancer risk has already been described. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of these two factors has been reported. Our case-control study revealed the odds ratio of ESCC to be 50.1 for those who were both heavy smokers and heavy drinkers in comparison to people who neither drank nor smoked. In patients with ESCC, head and neck cancers as well as dysplastic lesions are frequently observed. Heavy smoking and heavy drinking are closely related to such multicentric carcinogenesis events in the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), including the esophagus and head andneck region. Polymorphisms in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) are reported to be a key event in deciding individual susceptibility to UADT cancer. Patients with inactive ALDH2, in whom facial flushing is usually observed after the drinking of alcohol, are at high risk for ESCC as well as multiple UADT cancers. For the early detection of the disease, effective follow up using endoscopy with Lugol staining or narrow band imaging endoscopy is strongly recommended for high-risk populations, such as smokers, heavy drinkers, people with experience of flushing after the drinking of alcohol, and patients with UADT cancer.
AB - Both cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are well-established risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and the relationship of dose to cancer risk has already been described. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of these two factors has been reported. Our case-control study revealed the odds ratio of ESCC to be 50.1 for those who were both heavy smokers and heavy drinkers in comparison to people who neither drank nor smoked. In patients with ESCC, head and neck cancers as well as dysplastic lesions are frequently observed. Heavy smoking and heavy drinking are closely related to such multicentric carcinogenesis events in the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT), including the esophagus and head andneck region. Polymorphisms in acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) are reported to be a key event in deciding individual susceptibility to UADT cancer. Patients with inactive ALDH2, in whom facial flushing is usually observed after the drinking of alcohol, are at high risk for ESCC as well as multiple UADT cancers. For the early detection of the disease, effective follow up using endoscopy with Lugol staining or narrow band imaging endoscopy is strongly recommended for high-risk populations, such as smokers, heavy drinkers, people with experience of flushing after the drinking of alcohol, and patients with UADT cancer.
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U2 - 10.1007/s10147-010-0056-7
DO - 10.1007/s10147-010-0056-7
M3 - Review article
C2 - 20224884
AN - SCOPUS:77950950838
VL - 15
SP - 126
EP - 134
JO - International Journal of Clinical Oncology
JF - International Journal of Clinical Oncology
SN - 1341-9625
IS - 2
ER -