TY - JOUR
T1 - Eye Movement Abnormalities in Major Depressive Disorder
AU - Takahashi, Junichi
AU - Hirano, Yoji
AU - Miura, Kenichiro
AU - Morita, Kentaro
AU - Fujimoto, Michiko
AU - Yamamori, Hidenaga
AU - Yasuda, Yuka
AU - Kudo, Noriko
AU - Shishido, Emiko
AU - Okazaki, Kosuke
AU - Shiino, Tomoko
AU - Nakao, Tomohiro
AU - Kasai, Kiyoto
AU - Hashimoto, Ryota
AU - Onitsuka, Toshiaki
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported, in part, by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development under grant numbers JP21dm0207069 (TO, KK, and KMi) and GAJJ020620 (JP19dm0107124h0004) (YH), JP18dm0207006 (RH), JP20dm0307002 (RH), JP20lm0203007 (RH); a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists B JP22791129 (YH); a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research C: JP 16K10217 (TO), JP 15K09836 (YH), JP 18K07604 (YH), JP 19H03579 (YH), B: 20H03611 (RH) and Fund for the Promotion of Joint International Research (Fostering Joint International Research B): JP20KK0193 (YH) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Medical Research Fund (YH) from Takeda Science Foundation; Research Fund Award (YH) from the Brain Science Foundation; 60th Research Grant Award (YH) from UBE Industries Foundation; SIRS Research Fund Award (YH) from the Schizophrenia International Research Society and The Grand Prize Young Investigator Program Award 2020 (YH) from the Japanese Society of Biological Psychiatry. This work was supported in part by UTokyo Center for Integrative Science of Human Behavior (CiSHuB), and by the International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN) at The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS) (KK). The funding sources had no further role in study design, in the collection, analysis, interpretation of data, in writing the report, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Publisher Copyright:
© Copyright © 2021 Takahashi, Hirano, Miura, Morita, Fujimoto, Yamamori, Yasuda, Kudo, Shishido, Okazaki, Shiino, Nakao, Kasai, Hashimoto and Onitsuka.
PY - 2021/8/10
Y1 - 2021/8/10
N2 - Background: Despite their high lifetime prevalence, major depressive disorder (MDD) is often difficult to diagnose, and there is a need for useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD. Eye movements are considered a non-invasive potential biomarker for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. However, eye movement deficits in MDD remain unclear. Thus, we evaluated detailed eye movement measurements to validate its usefulness as a biomarker in MDD. Methods: Eye movements were recorded from 37 patients with MDD and 400 healthy controls (HCs) using the same system at five University hospitals. We administered free-viewing, fixation stability, and smooth pursuit tests, and obtained 35 eye movement measurements. We performed analyses of covariance with group as an independent variable and age as a covariate. In 4 out of 35 measurements with significant group-by-age interactions, we evaluated aging effects. Discriminant analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were conducted. Results: In the free-viewing test, scanpath length was significantly shorter in MDD (p = 4.2 × 10−3). In the smooth pursuit test, duration of saccades was significantly shorter and peak saccade velocity was significantly lower in MDD (p = 3.7 × 10−3, p = 3.9 × 10−3, respectively). In the fixation stability test, there were no significant group differences. There were significant group differences in the older cohort, but not in the younger cohort, for the number of fixations, duration of fixation, number of saccades, and fixation density in the free-viewing test. A discriminant analysis using scanpath length in the free-viewing test and peak saccade velocity in the smooth pursuit showed MDD could be distinguished from HCs with 72.1% accuracy. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.76 (standard error = 0.05, p = 1.2 × 10−7, 95% confidence interval = 0.67–0.85). Conclusion: These results suggest that detailed eye movement tests can assist in differentiating MDD from HCs, especially in older subjects.
AB - Background: Despite their high lifetime prevalence, major depressive disorder (MDD) is often difficult to diagnose, and there is a need for useful biomarkers for the diagnosis of MDD. Eye movements are considered a non-invasive potential biomarker for the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. However, eye movement deficits in MDD remain unclear. Thus, we evaluated detailed eye movement measurements to validate its usefulness as a biomarker in MDD. Methods: Eye movements were recorded from 37 patients with MDD and 400 healthy controls (HCs) using the same system at five University hospitals. We administered free-viewing, fixation stability, and smooth pursuit tests, and obtained 35 eye movement measurements. We performed analyses of covariance with group as an independent variable and age as a covariate. In 4 out of 35 measurements with significant group-by-age interactions, we evaluated aging effects. Discriminant analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were conducted. Results: In the free-viewing test, scanpath length was significantly shorter in MDD (p = 4.2 × 10−3). In the smooth pursuit test, duration of saccades was significantly shorter and peak saccade velocity was significantly lower in MDD (p = 3.7 × 10−3, p = 3.9 × 10−3, respectively). In the fixation stability test, there were no significant group differences. There were significant group differences in the older cohort, but not in the younger cohort, for the number of fixations, duration of fixation, number of saccades, and fixation density in the free-viewing test. A discriminant analysis using scanpath length in the free-viewing test and peak saccade velocity in the smooth pursuit showed MDD could be distinguished from HCs with 72.1% accuracy. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.76 (standard error = 0.05, p = 1.2 × 10−7, 95% confidence interval = 0.67–0.85). Conclusion: These results suggest that detailed eye movement tests can assist in differentiating MDD from HCs, especially in older subjects.
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U2 - 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.673443
DO - 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.673443
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85113380560
VL - 12
JO - Frontiers in Psychiatry
JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry
SN - 1664-0640
M1 - 673443
ER -