@article{d99a9cf2c1db4102a5e43c79fb3959f7,
title = "The Possible Role of Turbopause on Sporadic-E Layer Formation at Middle and Low Latitudes",
abstract = "In this paper, we examine the mechanism of middle- and low-latitude sporadic-E (Es) layer formation. Observations of ionosondes and meteor radars at stations of different latitudes show that Es layer also formed at low-altitude nonwindshear points, which is distinct from prototypical windshear theory. The theoretical modeling results show that metallic ions can effectively accumulate by the combined effect of the zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere and the lower thermosphere region. Numerical simulation results also demonstrate that metallic ions can accumulate without wind shear at lower height (90–105 km) as a consequence of the MLT winds leading to the ion drifting downward. We suggest that the turbopause at 90–105 km plays an important role in forming low-altitude Es layer in the middle- and low-latitude regions.",
author = "Qiong Tang and Chen Zhou and Huixin Liu and Yi Liu and Jiaqi Zhao and Zhibin Yu and Zhengyu Zhao and Xueshang Feng",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge the use of ionograms from the Chinese Meridian Project and for the data from Geophysics center, National Earth System Science Data Center. We also acknowledge the use of the SABER ( http://saber.gats-inc.com ) and COMIC data ( https://cdaac-www.cosmic.ucar.edu/cdaac ). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC; grant No. 41574146 and 41774162), the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFC1503506), and the foundation of National Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environment (Grant No. 6142403180204). H. Liu acknowledges supports by JSPS KAKENHI (Grants nos. 18H01270 and 17KK0095) and JRPs‐LEAD with DFG. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021. The Authors.",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1029/2021SW002883",
language = "English",
volume = "19",
journal = "Space Weather",
issn = "1542-7390",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "12",
}